Home

Individualized Won-Loss Records

1918

Retro ID Player Year Team History Is Pitcher? PA or IP WAR Wins Losses
johnw102 Johnson, Walter 1918 WS1 All WS1 1 326 8.7 13 -1
coves101 Coveleski, Stan 1918 CLE All CLE 1 311 7.5 12 0
cobbt101 Cobb, Ty 1918 DET All DET 0 464 7.2 10 -2
perrs101 Perry, Scott 1918 PHA All PHA 1 332 6.8 11 1
vaugh101 Vaughn, Hippo 1918 CHN All CHN 1 290 6.8 11 1
hooph101 Hooper, Harry 1918 BOS All BOS 0 553 6.3 9 1
ruthb101 Ruth, Babe 1918 BOS All BOS 0 377 6.2 8 -1
sislg101 Sisler, George 1918 SLA All SLA 0 497 6 9 0
tylel101 Tyler, Lefty 1918 CHN All CHN 1 269 6 10 1
hollc101 Hollocher, Charlie 1918 CHN All CHN 0 560 5.3 9 1
burng102 Burns, George 1918 PHA All PHA 0 536 5.2 9 1
speat101 Speaker, Tris 1918 CLE All CLE 0 538 5.1 8 1
bakef102 Baker, Frank 1918 NYA All NYA 0 544 4.8 8 2
hornr101 Hornsby, Rogers 1918 SLN All SLN 0 459 4.8 7 1
grohh101 Groh, Heinie 1918 CIN All CIN 0 554 4.7 8 1
burng101 Burns, George 1918 NY1 All NY1 0 511 4.6 8 1
coopw101 Cooper, Wilbur 1918 PIT All PIT 1 273 4.2 8 3
fleta101 Fletcher, Art 1918 NY1 All NY1 0 501 4 7 1
rouse101 Roush, Edd 1918 CIN All CIN 0 459 4 7 1
carem101 Carey, Max 1918 PIT All PIT 0 534 3.8 7 3
soutb101 Southworth, Billy 1918 PIT All PIT 0 274 3.6 5 0
merkf101 Merkle, Fred 1918 CHN All CHN 0 521 3.5 7 2
smitr108 Smith, Red 1918 BSN All BSN 0 480 3.5 6 2
younr101 Youngs, Ross 1918 NY1 All NY1 0 524 3.5 7 2
grimb101 Grimes, Burleigh 1918 BRO All BRO 1 270 3.5 8 3
harph101 Harper, Harry 1918 WS1 All WS1 1 244 3.5 6 2
mogrg101 Mogridge, George 1918 NYA All NYA 1 239 3.5 6 3
sotha101 Sothoron, Allen 1918 SLA All SLA 1 209 3.5 6 2
gardl101 Gardner, Larry 1918 PHA All PHA 0 506 3.3 7 3
bolab101 Boland, Bernie 1918 DET All DET 1 204 3.3 6 1
hoggb102 Hogg, Brad 1918 PHI All PHI 1 228 3.3 7 2
maysc101 Mays, Carl 1918 BOS All BOS 1 293 3.3 7 5
bagbj101 Bagby, Jim 1918 CLE All CLE 1 271 3.2 7 3
paskd101 Paskert, Dode 1918 CHN All CHN 0 516 3.1 6 2
pratd101 Pratt, Del 1918 NYA All NYA 0 514 3.1 6 3
elleh101 Eller, Hod 1918 CIN All CIN 1 218 3.1 7 3
chapr101 Chapman, Ray 1918 CLE All CLE 0 536 3 6 3
colle101 Collins, Eddie 1918 CHA All CHA 0 403 3 5 2
cutsg101 Cutshaw, George 1918 PIT All PIT 0 491 3 6 3
bushj102 Bush, Joe 1918 BOS All BOS 1 273 3 6 4
REST, POSITIONS 1918 BOS All BOS 0 948 3 8 9
peckr101 Peckinpaugh, Roger 1918 NYA All NYA 0 492 2.9 5 3
veacb101 Veach, Bobby 1918 DET All DET 0 538 2.9 6 3
walkt101 Walker, Tilly 1918 PHA All PHA 0 456 2.9 6 2
shead101 Shean, Dave 1918 BOS All BOS 0 468 2.8 5 3
wicka101 Wickland, Al 1918 BSN All BSN 0 387 2.8 5 2
enzmj101 Enzmann, Johnny 1918 CLE All CLE 1 137 2.8 5 0
fisht103 Fisher, Bob 1918 SLN All SLN 0 261 2.7 4 0
magel101 Magee, Lee 1918 CIN All CIN 0 487 2.7 6 3
mages101 Magee, Sherry 1918 CIN All CIN 0 446 2.6 6 2
strua102 Strunk, Amos 1918 BOS All BOS 0 449 2.6 5 3
flacm101 Flack, Max 1918 CHN All CHN 0 540 2.5 6 3
foste103 Foster, Eddie 1918 WS1 All WS1 0 563 2.5 6 4
mcins101 McInnis, Stuffy 1918 BOS All BOS 0 444 2.5 5 3
nehfa101 Nehf, Art 1918 BSN All BSN 1 284 2.5 7 5
prenm101 Prendergast, Mike 1918 PHI All PHI 1 252 2.5 6 4
daubj101 Daubert, Jake 1918 BRO All BRO 0 428 2.4 6 2
mannl101 Mann, Les 1918 CHN All CHN 0 529 2.4 6 3
milac101 Milan, Clyde 1918 WS1 All WS1 0 544 2.4 6 4
pippw101 Pipp, Wally 1918 NYA All NYA 0 371 2.4 4 2
shotb101 Shotton, Burt 1918 WS1 All WS1 0 573 2.4 6 4
jacoe101 Jacobs, Elmer 1918 PHI All PHI 1 123 2.4 4 1
mortg101 Morton, Guy 1918 CLE All CLE 1 215 2.4 5 3
gilhf101 Gilhooley, Frank 1918 NYA All NYA 0 481 2.3 5 4
rothb102 Roth, Braggo 1918 CLE All CLE 0 436 2.3 5 3
cicoe101 Cicotte, Eddie 1918 CHA All CHA 1 266 2.3 5 5
baird101 Baird, Doug 1918 SLN All SLN 0 342 2.2 4 2
doyll101 Doyle, Larry 1918 NY1 All NY1 0 294 2.2 4 1
gonzm101 Gonzalez, Mike 1918 SLN All SLN 0 388 2.2 4 2
kaufb101 Kauff, Benny 1918 NY1 All NY1 0 287 2.2 4 1
hendc101 Hendrix, Claude 1918 CHN All CHN 1 233 2.2 6 4
ruthb101 Ruth, Babe 1918 BOS All BOS 1 166 2.2 4 2
demmr101 Demmitt, Ray 1918 SLA All SLA 0 445 2.1 5 3
heilh101 Heilmann, Harry 1918 DET All DET 0 323 2.1 4 1
schuf103 Schulte, Frank 1918 WS1 All WS1 0 320 2.1 4 2
weavb101 Weaver, Buck 1918 CHA All CHA 0 434 2.1 4 3
tonef101 Toney, Fred 1918 NY1 All NY1 1 85 2.1 4 0
judgj101 Judge, Joe 1918 WS1 All WS1 0 555 2 5 4
meusi101 Meusel, Irish 1918 PHI All PHI 0 504 2 5 3
nealg101 Neale, Greasy 1918 CIN All CIN 0 401 2 5 2
schaw101 Schang, Wally 1918 BOS All BOS 0 273 2 4 2
hamie101 Hamilton, Earl 1918 PIT All PIT 1 54 2 3 0
shawj101 Shaw, Jim 1918 WS1 All WS1 1 241 2 5 4
willl104 Williams, Lefty 1918 CHA All CHA 1 106 2 3 1
bancd101 Bancroft, Dave 1918 PHI All PHI 0 554 1.9 5 4
doakb101 Doak, Bill 1918 SLN All SLN 1 211 1.9 5 4
millf102 Miller, Frank 1918 PIT All PIT 1 170 1.9 4 3
shocu101 Shocker, Urban 1918 SLA All SLA 1 95 1.9 3 0
hannt101 Hannah, Truck 1918 NYA All NYA 0 305 1.8 3 2
scote101 Scott, Everett 1918 BOS All BOS 0 455 1.8 4 4
zimmh101 Zimmerman, Heinie 1918 NY1 All NY1 0 477 1.8 5 3
amesr101 Ames, Red 1918 SLN All SLN 1 207 1.8 4 4
coumf101 Coumbe, Fritz 1918 CLE All CLE 1 150 1.8 4 2
mayee101 Mayer, Erskine 1918 PIT All PIT 1 123 1.8 3 2
perrp101 Perritt, Pol 1918 NY1 All NY1 1 233 1.8 6 4
ludef101 Luderus, Fred 1918 PHI All PHI 0 513 1.7 5 4
wheaz101 Wheat, Zack 1918 BRO All BRO 0 431 1.7 5 3
willc103 Williams, Cy 1918 PHI All PHI 0 383 1.7 4 2
dougp101 Douglas, Phil 1918 CHN All CHN 1 157 1.7 4 2
faber101 Faber, Red 1918 CHA All CHA 1 81 1.7 3 0
filld101 Fillingim, Dana 1918 BSN All BSN 1 113 1.7 3 1
hearb102 Hearn, Bunny 1918 BSN All BSN 1 126 1.7 3 2
catoh101 Caton, Howdy 1918 PIT All PIT 0 337 1.6 3 2
stocm101 Stock, Milt 1918 PHI All PHI 0 517 1.6 5 4
tobij101 Tobin, Jack 1918 SLA All SLA 0 533 1.6 5 5
benzj101 Benz, Joe 1918 CHA All CHA 1 154 1.6 3 2
austj101 Austin, Jimmy 1918 SLA All SLA 0 421 1.5 4 4
colls101 Collins, Shano 1918 CHA All CHA 0 384 1.5 4 3
leibn101 Leibold, Nemo 1918 CHA All CHA 0 503 1.5 4 5
oneis101 O'Neill, Steve 1918 CLE All CLE 0 414 1.5 4 3
woodj108 Wood, Joe 1918 CLE All CLE 0 461 1.5 4 4
erice101 Erickson, Eric 1918 DET All DET 1 94 1.5 3 1
marqr102 Marquard, Rube 1918 BRO All BRO 1 239 1.5 6 4
mckeb101 McKechnie, Bill 1918 PIT All PIT 0 461 1.4 4 4
daush101 Dauss, Hooks 1918 DET All DET 1 250 1.4 5 4
russr102 Russell, Reb 1918 CHA All CHA 1 125 1.4 3 2
thorh101 Thormahlen, Hank 1918 NYA All NYA 1 113 1.4 3 1
bodip101 Bodie, Ping 1918 NYA All NYA 0 354 1.3 3 3
cruiw101 Cruise, Walton 1918 SLN All SLN 0 273 1.3 3 2
joneb103 Jones, Bob 1918 DET All DET 0 306 1.3 3 2
salls101 Sallee, Slim 1918 NY1 All NY1 1 132 1.3 3 2
wrigr104 Wright, Rasty 1918 SLA All SLA 1 111 1.3 3 1
nunal101 Nunamaker, Les 1918 SLA All SLA 0 307 1.2 3 3
shanh101 Shanks, Howie 1918 WS1 All WS1 0 471 1.2 4 4
wingi101 Wingo, Ivey 1918 CIN All CIN 0 343 1.2 3 3
caldr101 Caldwell, Ray 1918 NYA All NYA 1 177 1.2 3 3
jones104 Jones, Sam 1918 BOS All BOS 1 184 1.2 3 4
loves101 Love, Slim 1918 NYA All NYA 1 229 1.2 4 5
quinj102 Quinn, Jack 1918 CHA All CHA 1 51 1.2 2 0
sandr104 Sanders, Roy 1918 PIT All PIT 1 156 1.2 3 3
bigbc101 Bigbee, Carson 1918 PIT All PIT 0 352 1.1 3 3
mccal102 McCarty, Lew 1918 NY1 All NY1 0 277 1.1 3 2
bresr101 Bressler, Rube 1918 CIN All CIN 1 128 1.1 3 2
grind101 Griner, Dan 1918 BRO All BRO 1 54 1.1 2 0
matte102 Matteson, Eddie 1918 WS1 All WS1 1 68 1.1 2 0
smitg104 Smith, George 1918 BRO All BRO 1 50 1.1 2 0
hendt101 Hendryx, Tim 1918 SLA All SLA 0 258 1 3 2
lavad101 Lavan, Doc 1918 WS1 All WS1 0 480 1 4 5
mcmuf101 McMullin, Fred 1918 CHA All CHA 0 264 1 2 2
shanr101 Shannon, Red 1918 PHA All PHA 0 270 1 3 2
barnj102 Barnes, Jesse 1918 NY1 All NY1 1 55 1 2 0
gregv101 Gregg, Vean 1918 PHA All PHA 1 199 1 4 4
REST, POSITIONS 1918 CHN All CHN 0 982 1 7 9
chash101 Chase, Hal 1918 CIN All CIN 0 274 0.9 3 2
evanj101 Evans, Joe 1918 CLE All CLE 0 273 0.9 3 2
johnj107 Johnston, Jimmy 1918 BRO All BRO 0 518 0.9 5 4
koppm101 Kopp, Merlin 1918 PHA All PHA 0 409 0.9 4 4
causr101 Causey, Red 1918 NY1 All NY1 1 158 0.9 4 3
chenl101 Cheney, Larry 1918 BRO All BRO 1 201 0.9 4 4
houcb101 Houck, Byron 1918 SLA All SLA 1 72 0.9 2 1
maisf101 Maisel, Fritz 1918 SLA All SLA 0 331 0.8 3 3
massr101 Massey, Roy 1918 BSN All BSN 0 226 0.8 2 2
schar103 Schalk, Ray 1918 CHA All CHA 0 372 0.8 3 4
harmb101 Harmon, Bob 1918 PIT All PIT 1 82 0.8 2 1
leifl101 Leifield, Lefty 1918 SLA All SLA 1 67 0.8 2 1
gandc101 Gandil, Chick 1918 CHA All CHA 0 470 0.7 3 5
heatc101 Heathcote, Cliff 1918 SLN All SLN 0 369 0.7 3 4
mollf101 Mollwitz, Fritz 1918 PIT All PIT 0 455 0.7 3 5
morgr101 Morgan, Ray 1918 WS1 All WS1 0 334 0.7 3 3
murpe102 Murphy, Eddie 1918 CHA All CHA 0 309 0.7 2 3
myerh102 Myers, Hy 1918 BRO All BRO 0 428 0.7 4 4
turnt105 Turner, Terry 1918 CLE All CLE 0 256 0.7 2 2
whitg101 Whiteman, George 1918 BOS All BOS 0 236 0.7 2 2
wilsa102 Wilson, Art 1918 BSN All BSN 0 306 0.7 2 3
ringj101 Ring, Jimmy 1918 CIN All CIN 1 142 0.7 3 3
robed106 Robertson, Dick 1918 BRO All BRO 1 87 0.7 2 1
rudod101 Rudolph, Dick 1918 BSN All BSN 1 154 0.7 3 4
shelf101 Shellenback, Frank 1918 CHA All CHA 1 183 0.7 3 4
cravg101 Cravath, Gavvy 1918 PHI All PHI 0 481 0.6 4 4
marts102 Martin, Speed 1918 CHN All CHN 1 54 0.6 1 1
mayee101 Mayer, Erskine 1918 PHI All PHI 1 104 0.6 2 2
ainse101 Ainsmith, Eddie 1918 WS1 All WS1 0 321 0.5 2 3
holkw101 Holke, Walter 1918 NY1 All NY1 0 337 0.5 3 3
mchea101 McHenry, Austin 1918 SLN All SLN 0 295 0.5 2 3
schmw102 Schmidt, Walter 1918 PIT All PIT 0 342 0.5 2 4
wambb101 Wambsganss, Bill 1918 CLE All CLE 0 339 0.5 3 3
ayerd101 Ayers, Doc 1918 WS1 All WS1 1 220 0.5 3 5
cartp101 Carter, Paul 1918 CHN All CHN 1 73 0.5 2 1
watsm102 Watson, Milt 1918 PHI All PHI 1 113 0.5 2 2
blacl101 Blackburne, Lena 1918 CIN All CIN 0 461 0.4 3 5
killb101 Killefer, Bill 1918 CHN All CHN 0 351 0.4 3 3
mille102 Miller, Elmer 1918 NYA All NYA 0 224 0.4 2 2
paulg102 Paulette, Gene 1918 SLN All SLN 0 490 0.4 3 5
risbs101 Risberg, Swede 1918 CHA All CHA 0 299 0.4 2 3
comsr101 Comstock, Ralph 1918 PIT All PIT 1 81 0.4 1 2
gearb101 Geary, Bob 1918 PHA All PHA 1 87 0.4 2 2
oescj101 Oeschger, Joe 1918 PHI All PHI 1 184 0.4 3 4
tesrj101 Tesreau, Jeff 1918 NY1 All NY1 1 74 0.4 2 1
felsh101 Felsch, Happy 1918 CHA All CHA 0 222 0.3 2 2
mcavw101 McAvoy, Wickey 1918 PHA All PHA 0 286 0.3 2 3
power101 Powell, Ray 1918 BSN All BSN 0 218 0.3 2 2
smite107 Smith, Earl 1918 SLA All SLA 0 300 0.3 2 3
andef101 Anderson, Fred 1918 NY1 All NY1 1 71 0.3 1 1
demaa101 Demaree, Al 1918 NY1 All NY1 1 142 0.3 3 3
roget101 Rogers, Tom 1918 SLA All SLA 1 154 0.3 2 4
granj104 Graney, Jack 1918 CLE All CLE 0 208 0.2 2 2
grift102 Griffith, Tommy 1918 CIN All CIN 0 466 0.2 3 5
vitto101 Vitt, Ossie 1918 DET All DET 0 299 0.2 2 3
georl101 George, Lefty 1918 BSN All BSN 1 54 0.2 1 1
leond102 Leonard, Dutch 1918 BOS All BOS 1 126 0.1 2 3
sherb101 Sherdel, Bill 1918 SLN All SLN 1 182 0.1 2 5
dealc102 Deal, Charlie 1918 CHN All CHN 0 437 0 3 5
zeidr101 Zeider, Rollie 1918 CHN All CHN 0 274 0 2 3
REST, PITCHERS 1918 BOS All BOS 1 79 0 1 2
REST, PITCHERS 1918 BRO All BRO 1 41 0 0 2
REST, POSITIONS 1918 BSN All BSN 0 1503 0 9 17
REST, PITCHERS 1918 CHN All CHN 1 121 0 2 3
REST, POSITIONS 1918 CIN All CIN 0 709 0 5 8
REST, PITCHERS 1918 CIN All CIN 1 82 0 2 2
REST, POSITIONS 1918 NYA All NYA 0 1128 0 5 14
REST, PITCHERS 1918 SLN All SLN 1 92 0 1 3
REST, PITCHERS 1918 WS1 All WS1 1 129 0 1 4
bushd102 Bush, Donie 1918 DET All DET 0 580 -0.1 4 6
rawlj101 Rawlings, Johnny 1918 BSN All BSN 0 442 -0.1 2 5
finnh102 Finneran, Happy 1918 NYA All NYA 1 114 -0.1 1 3
tonef101 Toney, Fred 1918 CIN All CIN 1 137 -0.1 2 4
gedej101 Gedeon, Joe 1918 SLA All SLA 0 476 -0.2 3 6
steeb103 Steele, Bob 1918 NY1 All NY1 1 66 -0.2 1 2
harpg101 Harper, George 1918 DET All DET 0 246 -0.3 1 3
regam101 Regan, Mike 1918 CIN All CIN 1 80 -0.3 1 2
betzb101 Betzel, Bruno 1918 SLN All SLN 0 242 -0.4 1 3
burne101 Burns, Ed 1918 PHI All PHI 0 205 -0.4 1 3
cunng101 Cunningham, George 1918 DET All DET 1 140 -0.4 2 4
ragap101 Ragan, Pat 1918 BSN All BSN 1 206 -0.4 3 6
konee101 Konetchy, Ed 1918 BSN All BSN 0 471 -0.5 2 6
waltr102 Walters, Roxy 1918 NYA All NYA 0 201 -0.5 1 3
daved101 Davenport, Dave 1918 SLA All SLA 1 180 -0.5 2 5
dykej101 Dykes, Jimmie 1918 PHA All PHA 0 206 -0.6 1 3
johnd107 Johnston, Doc 1918 CLE All CLE 0 302 -0.6 1 4
mcgap101 McGaffigan, Patsy 1918 PHI All PHI 0 209 -0.6 1 3
perkc101 Perkins, Cy 1918 PHA All PHA 0 226 -0.6 1 3
joned107 Jones, Deacon 1918 DET All DET 1 67 -0.6 0 2
packg101 Packard, Gene 1918 SLN All SLN 1 182 -0.6 2 6
russa101 Russell, Allen 1918 NYA All NYA 1 141 -0.6 1 4
agnes101 Agnew, Sam 1918 BOS All BOS 0 213 -0.7 0 4
herzb101 Herzog, Buck 1918 BSN All BSN 0 507 -0.7 2 6
olsoi101 Olson, Ivy 1918 BRO All BRO 0 539 -0.7 3 6
jamic101 Jamieson, Charlie 1918 PHA All PHA 0 472 -0.8 2 6
kallr101 Kallio, Rudy 1918 DET All DET 1 181 -0.8 2 5
watsm103 Watson, Mule 1918 PHA All PHA 1 142 -0.8 1 4
luqud101 Luque, Dolf 1918 CIN All CIN 1 83 -0.9 0 3
gallb103 Gallia, Bert 1918 SLA All SLA 1 124 -1 0 4
johnr103 Johnson, Roy 1918 PHA All PHA 1 50 -1 0 2
REST, POSITIONS 1918 CHA All CHA 0 874 -1 4 12
REST, PITCHERS 1918 CHA All CHA 1 22 -1 -1 2
REST, PITCHERS 1918 NYA All NYA 1 145 -1 1 4
REST, PITCHERS 1918 PIT All PIT 1 200 -1 2 6
REST, POSITIONS 1918 SLA All SLA 0 883 -1 4 12
REST, PITCHERS 1918 SLA All SLA 1 19 -1 -1 1
REST, POSITIONS 1918 WS1 All WS1 0 722 -1 3 9
lowdg101 Lowdermilk, Grover 1918 SLA All SLA 1 80 -1.1 0 3
millo103 Miller, Otto 1918 BRO All BRO 0 239 -1.2 1 4
younr103 Young, Ralph 1918 DET All DET 0 352 -1.2 1 5
danfd101 Danforth, Dave 1918 CHA All CHA 1 139 -1.2 0 5
coomj101 Coombs, Jack 1918 BRO All BRO 1 189 -1.3 2 6
schnp101 Schneider, Pete 1918 CIN All CIN 1 217 -1.3 2 7
adamb106 Adams, Bert 1918 PHI All PHI 0 238 -1.4 0 4
dugaj101 Dugan, Joe 1918 PHA All PHA 0 430 -1.4 1 6
jameb103 James, Bill 1918 DET All DET 1 122 -1.4 0 4
omaro101 O'Mara, Ollie 1918 BRO All BRO 0 467 -1.5 2 6
smitg104 Smith, George 1918 CIN All CIN 1 55 -1.5 -1 3
adamw101 Adams, Willie 1918 PHA All PHA 1 169 -1.8 0 6
doolm101 Doolan, Mickey 1918 BRO All BRO 0 330 -2 0 5
REST, POSITIONS 1918 BRO All BRO 0 1080 -2 6 13
REST, POSITIONS 1918 CLE All CLE 0 936 -2 3 13
REST, PITCHERS 1918 CLE All CLE 1 77 -2 -1 4
REST, POSITIONS 1918 DET All DET 0 1628 -2 8 20
REST, PITCHERS 1918 NY1 All NY1 1 96 -2 -1 5
REST, PITCHERS 1918 PHA All PHA 1 82 -2 -1 4
REST, POSITIONS 1918 PIT All PIT 0 1241 -2 5 17
may-j102 May, Jakie 1918 SLN All SLN 1 153 -2.1 0 6
meadl101 Meadows, Lee 1918 SLN All SLN 1 165 -2.4 0 7
myere101 Myers, Elmer 1918 PHA All PHA 1 95 -2.4 -1 5
REST, PITCHERS 1918 BSN All BSN 1 179 -3 0 8
REST, POSITIONS 1918 SLN All SLN 0 1603 -3 5 22
REST, POSITIONS 1918 NY1 All NY1 0 1260 -4 5 17
REST, POSITIONS 1918 PHA All PHA 0 850 -4 1 14
REST, POSITIONS 1918 PHI All PHI 0 954 -4 2 14
REST, PITCHERS 1918 PHI All PHI 1 136 -4 -1 7
REST, PITCHERS 1918 DET All DET 1 103 -5 -4 8